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Irregular verbs list

All 175 irregular verbs worth knowing, with their three forms. The list appears three times below — by level, by frequency and alphabetically — because which order you want depends entirely on what you are doing with it.

Most verbs link to a page of their own, with examples, the mistakes learners make with them, and how they sound; the rarest are covered on their pattern page instead (why). The page is also laid out to print cleanly, so it works as a classroom handout without a PDF.

The 20 you actually need first

These twenty account for a startling share of everyday English. If you learn nothing else from this page, learn this table.

Base formPast simplePast participle
bewas / werebeen
havehadhad
dodiddone
saysaidsaid
gowentgone
getgotgot / gotten
makemademade
knowknewknown
thinkthoughtthought
taketooktaken
seesawseen
comecamecome
givegavegiven
findfoundfound
telltoldtold
becomebecamebecome
leaveleftleft
feelfeltfelt
putputput
bringbroughtbrought

By level

Three bands, split by how soon a learner meets each verb rather than by how strange its forms look.

Core — 53 verbs

The verbs you cannot get through a day of English without. Learn these before anything else on this page.

Base formPast simplePast participle
bewas / werebeen
havehadhad
dodiddone
saysaidsaid
gowentgone
getgotgot / gotten
makemademade
knowknewknown
thinkthoughtthought
taketooktaken
seesawseen
comecamecome
givegavegiven
findfoundfound
telltoldtold
becomebecamebecome
leaveleftleft
feelfeltfelt
putputput
bringbroughtbrought
beginbeganbegun
keepkeptkept
writewrotewritten
runranrun
eatateeaten
speakspokespoken
drinkdrankdrunk
readreadread
buyboughtbought
breakbrokebroken
hearheardheard
showshowedshown / showed
letletlet
meanmeantmeant
meetmetmet
paypaidpaid
costcostcost
sitsatsat
standstoodstood
loselostlost
winwonwon
sendsentsent
spendspentspent
fallfellfallen
cutcutcut
drivedrovedriven
flyflewflown
forgetforgotforgotten / forgot
sleepsleptslept
hurthurthurt
wearworeworn
catchcaughtcaught
holdheldheld

Intermediate — 65 verbs

Common in conversation, news and exams. Worth knowing properly once the core list is solid.

Base formPast simplePast participle
teachtaughttaught
choosechosechosen
growgrewgrown
throwthrewthrown
singsangsung
swimswamswum
sellsoldsold
buildbuiltbuilt
understandunderstoodunderstood
riseroserisen
rideroderidden
fightfoughtfought
hidehidhidden / hid
shakeshookshaken
stealstolestolen
teartoretorn
blowblewblown
drawdrewdrawn
hanghunghung
hithithit
lendlentlent
shootshotshot
shutshutshut
spreadspreadspread
swingswungswung
wakewokewoken
bendbentbent
bitebitbitten
burnburnt / burnedburnt / burned
dealdealtdealt
digdugdug
feedfedfed
freezefrozefrozen
laylaidlaid
leadledled
lielaylain
ringrangrung
setsetset
stickstuckstuck
sweepsweptswept
learnlearnt / learnedlearnt / learned
proveprovedproven / proved
strikestruckstruck / stricken
lightlit / lightedlit / lighted
sinksank / sunksunk
dreamdreamt / dreameddreamt / dreamed
quitquitquit
betbetbet
awakeawokeawoken
windwoundwound
speedsped / speededsped / speeded
bleedbledbled
burstburstburst
shedshedshed
smellsmelt / smelledsmelt / smelled
spellspelt / spelledspelt / spelled
spillspilt / spilledspilt / spilled
leanleant / leanedleant / leaned
fitfit / fittedfit / fitted
wetwet / wettedwet / wetted
divedived / dovedived
pleadpleaded / pledpleaded / pled
mistakemistookmistaken
upsetupsetupset
misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood

Advanced — 57 verbs

Mostly encountered in reading rather than speech. Recognising them is enough for a long time.

Base formPast simplePast participle
seeksoughtsought
weepweptwept
strivestrovestriven
arisearosearisen
bearboreborne / born
beatbeatbeaten / beat
bindboundbound
breedbredbred
castcastcast
clingclungclung
creepcreptcrept
dwelldwelt / dwelleddwelt / dwelled
fleefledfled
flingflungflung
forbidforbade / forbadforbidden
forgiveforgaveforgiven
grindgroundground
kneelknelt / kneeledknelt / kneeled
leapleapt / leapedleapt / leaped
shineshone / shinedshone / shined
shrinkshrank / shrunkshrunk
slayslewslain
slideslidslid
sowsowedsown / sowed
spinspunspun
spitspat / spitspat / spit
splitsplitsplit
springsprang / sprungsprung
stingstungstung
swearsworesworn
withdrawwithdrewwithdrawn
overcomeovercameovercome
undoundidundone
misleadmisledmisled
overtakeovertookovertaken
undertakeundertookundertaken
broadcastbroadcast / broadcastedbroadcast / broadcasted
swellswelledswollen / swelled
treadtrodtrodden / trod
weavewovewoven
wringwrungwrung
stridestrodestridden
slingslungslung
shearshearedshorn / sheared
sawsawedsawn / sawed
shaveshavedshaved / shaven
mowmowedmown / mowed
bidbid / badebid / bidden
abideabode / abidedabided / abode
beholdbeheldbeheld
forsakeforsookforsaken
wedwed / weddedwed / wedded
slinkslunkslunk
sewsewedsewn / sewed
cleaveclove / cleft / cleavedcloven / cleft / cleaved
beseechbesought / beseechedbesought / beseeched
smitesmotesmitten

By pattern

Irregular does not mean random. Most of these verbs fall into a handful of shapes, and learning the shape is faster than learning the members one at a time.

One form fits all · 22There and back · 4i → a → u · 8The -ought gang · 8ew → own · 7The -en finishers · 48Twins · 73Free spirits · 5

Alphabetical

For when you are looking one up rather than learning them.

Base formPast simplePast participle
abideabode / abidedabided / abode
arisearosearisen
awakeawokeawoken
bewas / werebeen
bearboreborne / born
beatbeatbeaten / beat
becomebecamebecome
beginbeganbegun
beholdbeheldbeheld
bendbentbent
beseechbesought / beseechedbesought / beseeched
betbetbet
bidbid / badebid / bidden
bindboundbound
bitebitbitten
bleedbledbled
blowblewblown
breakbrokebroken
breedbredbred
bringbroughtbrought
broadcastbroadcast / broadcastedbroadcast / broadcasted
buildbuiltbuilt
burnburnt / burnedburnt / burned
burstburstburst
buyboughtbought
castcastcast
catchcaughtcaught
choosechosechosen
cleaveclove / cleft / cleavedcloven / cleft / cleaved
clingclungclung
comecamecome
costcostcost
creepcreptcrept
cutcutcut
dealdealtdealt
digdugdug
divedived / dovedived
dodiddone
drawdrewdrawn
dreamdreamt / dreameddreamt / dreamed
drinkdrankdrunk
drivedrovedriven
dwelldwelt / dwelleddwelt / dwelled
eatateeaten
fallfellfallen
feedfedfed
feelfeltfelt
fightfoughtfought
findfoundfound
fitfit / fittedfit / fitted
fleefledfled
flingflungflung
flyflewflown
forbidforbade / forbadforbidden
forgetforgotforgotten / forgot
forgiveforgaveforgiven
forsakeforsookforsaken
freezefrozefrozen
getgotgot / gotten
givegavegiven
gowentgone
grindgroundground
growgrewgrown
hanghunghung
havehadhad
hearheardheard
hidehidhidden / hid
hithithit
holdheldheld
hurthurthurt
keepkeptkept
kneelknelt / kneeledknelt / kneeled
knowknewknown
laylaidlaid
leadledled
leanleant / leanedleant / leaned
leapleapt / leapedleapt / leaped
learnlearnt / learnedlearnt / learned
leaveleftleft
lendlentlent
letletlet
lielaylain
lightlit / lightedlit / lighted
loselostlost
makemademade
meanmeantmeant
meetmetmet
misleadmisledmisled
mistakemistookmistaken
misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood
mowmowedmown / mowed
overcomeovercameovercome
overtakeovertookovertaken
paypaidpaid
pleadpleaded / pledpleaded / pled
proveprovedproven / proved
putputput
quitquitquit
readreadread
rideroderidden
ringrangrung
riseroserisen
runranrun
sawsawedsawn / sawed
saysaidsaid
seesawseen
seeksoughtsought
sellsoldsold
sendsentsent
setsetset
sewsewedsewn / sewed
shakeshookshaken
shaveshavedshaved / shaven
shearshearedshorn / sheared
shedshedshed
shineshone / shinedshone / shined
shootshotshot
showshowedshown / showed
shrinkshrank / shrunkshrunk
shutshutshut
singsangsung
sinksank / sunksunk
sitsatsat
slayslewslain
sleepsleptslept
slideslidslid
slingslungslung
slinkslunkslunk
smellsmelt / smelledsmelt / smelled
smitesmotesmitten
sowsowedsown / sowed
speakspokespoken
speedsped / speededsped / speeded
spellspelt / spelledspelt / spelled
spendspentspent
spillspilt / spilledspilt / spilled
spinspunspun
spitspat / spitspat / spit
splitsplitsplit
spreadspreadspread
springsprang / sprungsprung
standstoodstood
stealstolestolen
stickstuckstuck
stingstungstung
stridestrodestridden
strikestruckstruck / stricken
strivestrovestriven
swearsworesworn
sweepsweptswept
swellswelledswollen / swelled
swimswamswum
swingswungswung
taketooktaken
teachtaughttaught
teartoretorn
telltoldtold
thinkthoughtthought
throwthrewthrown
treadtrodtrodden / trod
understandunderstoodunderstood
undertakeundertookundertaken
undoundidundone
upsetupsetupset
wakewokewoken
wearworeworn
weavewovewoven
wedwed / weddedwed / wedded
weepweptwept
wetwet / wettedwet / wetted
winwonwon
windwoundwound
withdrawwithdrewwithdrawn
wringwrungwrung
writewrotewritten

Turn the list into practice

Practise all 175 verbs on your phone

Spaced repetition brings each verb back right before you would forget it. Three difficulty modes, a 60-second Blitz, streaks and a verb collection. Free, works offline, no account.

Answering a verb in the app

The app behind this site

Every page here is generated from the same verb data the app uses, so the forms you read are the forms you practise.

Spaced repetitionEach verb returns for review just before you would forget it — answer well and the gap grows.
Three difficultiesRecognise the forms, type them from memory, or complete a real sentence.
Hear every verbTap to hear the pronunciation, including the traps like read / read.
Learn by patternVerbs are grouped into families, so you learn the system instead of 175 separate words.
Home screen with progress and streak
Progress and streak
A practice session
A practice session
Verb collection
All 175 verbs
Blitz mode
60-second Blitz

Education · Age rating 4+ · 47 MB · English · Free, with no ads or in-app purchases.